Functional Groups of Lisinopril

Functional Groups of Lisinopril The IR spectra of pure showed peaks at which are consistent with the presence of the functional groups of lisinopril (Fig.no.12) Furthermore, the calibration curve of lisinopril obeyed Beers law in the range of 10-60 g/ml (Fig.no.11) An IR spectrum of the drug-polymer (methylcellulose) mixture was taken to study and check the drug- polymer interaction. The spectrum revealed that not much interaction between the drug and polymer (Fig.no.13). In TLC studies, the prepared lisinopril microspheres (M4, M7) showed (Table.no.9) the same Rf (0.5512, 0.5769) value as pure compound (0.5897) and no additional spots were detected. TLC studies (Fig.no15) thus indicated no interaction between lisinopril and polymer (methylcellulose) in the floating microspheres prepared. This observation also indicated that lisinopril was not decomposing during the preparation of floating microspheres. Differential Scanning Colorimetry: The thermal behavior of floating microspheres of lisinopril was studying using DSC are shown in (Fig no.16). The DSC thermogram of pure drug lisinopril exhibited an exothermic peak at corresponding to its melting point. For formulation (M7) this peaks are at respectively. The characteristic exothermic peak is slightly shifted to lower temperature, indicating that there is no interaction between drug and carrier. Percentage yield: Percentage yield of different batches of the prepared floating microspheres were determined by weighing the floating microspheres after drying. All batches of methylcellulose floating microspheres showed a percentage yield of greater than 75%, the percentage yields of all the prepared formulations (M1-M9) were in the range of 76.8 to 92.16% (Table.no.11). Percentage yield is found to be higher with formulation M7 (92.16%). Scanning Electron Microscopy: The surface morphology of the prepared floating microsphere (M7) was shown to be spherical by the SEM photography (Fig.no.19). Particle size analysis: The particle size analysis was carried out using an optical microscope. The arithmetic mean particle size of the methylcellulose floating microspheres significantly increased with increasing polymer concentration were shown in (Table.no.18).The particle size distribution of the methylcellulose floating microspheres ranged between 163.125 to 252.375Â µm. Micromeritic properties of the floating microspheres 61 The various micromeritic properties of the prepared floating microspheres were studied. Acceptable range of angle of repose is between 20ÃŽ ¿-40ÃŽ ¿ and angle of repose for methylcellulose floating microspheres (M1-M9) was between 24.44 to 35.53ÃŽ ¿ (Table no. ), thus indicating good flow property for methylcellulose floating microspheres. Acceptable range of Hausners ratio is up to 1.25 and Hausners ratio for methylcellulose floating microspheres(M1-M9) was between 1.085 to 1.181(Table.no.21) ,all the prepared floating microspheres had a value less than 1.25 thereby exhibiting good flow properties. Acceptable range of Carr,s index (%)is up to 5-21%, and carrs index for methylcellulose floating microspheres(M1-M9) was between 7.910 to 15.379 % (Table.no.21) all the formulations showed an Carr,s index (%) less than 16% and hence had a flow properties. Percentage drug content of the floating microspheres The percentage drug content of different batches of floating microspheres was found in the range of 55.33 to 88%.All batches of the methylcellulose floating microspheres formulation shown percentage drug content more than 55% (Table no.23) and it is found that percentage drug content increases with an increase in the polymer concentration (except M2,M6). Formulation M5 has shown maximum percentage drug content (88.0%). Buoyancy percentage: (Floating ability) The buoyancy test was carried out to investigate the buoyancy percentage (floating ability) of the prepared methylcellulose floating microspheres. The buoyancy percentage of the different batches of floating microspheres was found in the range of 48.0 to 85.0% at the end of 12 hrs (Table.no.25). All the formulated floating microspheres of lisinopril showed buoyancy (floating ability) more than 48%. Amongst the batches of prepared methylcellulose floating microspheres, batch M5 showed highest buoyancy (85%). Floating ability of different formulations was found to be differed according to the increase polymer concentration and it is found that percentage of buoyancy increases with an increase in the amount of polymer. In-vitro release studies Lisinopril release from the all formulated floating microspheres were studied in SGF (0.1N HCl) for 12 hrs.The floating microspheres showed sustained release of the lisinopril (drug) in acidic environment and the drug release was found to be approximately linear (fig no. ). The drug release from methylcellulose floating microspheres was found to be 82.35, 78.75, 74.25, 71.55, 66.15, 83.70, 90.45, 94.5 and 97.65% at the end of 12 h for M1,M2,M3,M4,M5,M6,M7,M8 and M9 respectively (Table.no.27). The sustained release pattern was observed for the prepared floating microspheres (M1-M9) clearly exhibiting an increase in the polymer concentration results decrease in-vitro drug release of lisinopril. Amongst the batches of prepared methylcellulose floating microspheres, batch M5 showed higher drug entrapment efficiency 88.0% and the minimal in-vitro drug release 66.15% at the end of the 12 hrs with compared to the other prepared methylcellulose floating microspheres. Drug release kinetics The results for the mathematic modeling of the in-vitro drug release data for the methylcellulose floating microspheres have been complied and the R2 values shown in the table no. The in-vitro drug release profile for the formulations M1-M9 were subjected to various drug release kinetic studies and are depicted in the following figures. (Fig.no.30-38) The release profile for the formulations M1-M9 exhibiting a maximum R2 values (0.9613, 0.9421, 0.9386, 0.9446, 0.9382, 0.9546, 0.9520, 0.9599 and 0.9660) was found to obey that particular kinetics. From the results it is apparent that the regression coefficient value closer to unity as in the case of the Zero orders plots. The Zero order plots of different formulation were found to be fairly linear, as indicated by their high regression values. Thus, it seems that drug release from the floating microspheres followed Zero order kinetics. The data indicates a lesser amount of linearity when plotted by the First order equation. Hence it can be concluded that the major mechanism of drug release follows Zero order kinetics. Further, the conversion of the data from the dissolution studies suggested possibility of understanding the mechanism of drug release by configuring the data into various mathematical modeling such as Higuchis and Korsemeyers -peppas plots. The mass transfer with respect to square root of time has been plotted, revealed a linear graph with regression value close to one stating that the release from the matrix was through diffusion. Data based on the Higuchi model usually provide a evidence to the diffusion mechanism of drug release from matrix systems such as the methylcellulose floating microspheres developed in this work. R2 values based on the Higuchis model ranged from 0.8882, 0.8578, 0.8507, 0.8603, 0.8542, 0.8773, 0.8708, 0.8858 and 0.8978. (Table.no.29). As these values were close to 1.0, the drug release mechanism of the developed floating microspheres can be said to be Higuchian and, therefore, matrix diffusion-controlled. CHITOSAN FLOATING MICROSPHERES IR Spectra of chitosan floating microspheres An IR spectrum of the drug-polymer (chitosan) mixture was taken to study and check the drug- polymer interaction. The spectrum revealed that not much interaction between the drug and polymer (Fig.no.14). Thin Layer Chromatography: In TLC studies, the prepared lisinopril microspheres (C4, C7) showed the same Rf (0.5384, 0.5000) value as pure compound (0.5897) and no additional spots were detected(Fig.no.15). TLC studies thus indicated no interaction between lisinopril and polymer (chitosan) in the floating microspheres prepared. This observation also indicated that lisinopril was not decomposing during the preparation of floating microspheres. Differential Scanning Colorimetry: The thermal behavior of floating microspheres of lisinopril was studying using DSC are shown in Fig.no.17. The DSC thermogram of pure drug lisinopril exhibited an exothermic peak at corresponding to its melting point. For formulation (C7) this peaks are at respectively. The characteristic exothermic peak is slightly shifted to lower temperature, indicating that there is no interaction between drug and carrier. Percentage yield: Percentage yield of different batches of the prepared floating microspheres were determined by weighing the floating microspheres after drying. All batches of methylcellulose floating microspheres showed a percentage yield of greater than 75%, The percentage yields of all the prepared formulations (C1-C9) were in the range of 78.0 -93.66% (Table.no.12). Percentage yield is found to be higher with formulation C7 (93.66%). Scanning Electron Microscopy: The surface morphology of the prepared floating microsphere (C7) was shown to be spherical by the SEM photography (Fig.no.20). Particle size analysis: The particle size analysis was carried out using an optical microscope. The arithmetic mean particle size of floating microspheres significantly increased with increasing polymer concentration were shown in Table. No. 19. The particle size distribution of the chitosan floating microspheres ranged between 32.50 to 55.80Â µm. Micromeritic properties of the floating microspheres 61 The various micromeritic properties of the prepared floating microspheres were studied. Acceptable range of angle of repose is between 20ÃŽ ¿-40ÃŽ ¿ and angle of repose for chitosan floating microspheres (C1-C9) was between 19.02 to 23.49ÃŽ ¿ (Table.no.22), thus indicating good flow property for chitosan floating microspheres. Acceptable range of Hausners ratio is up to 1.25 and Hausners ratio for chitosan floating microspheres(C1-C9) was between 1.100 to 1.230 (Table.no.22) ,all the prepared floating microspheres had a value less than 1.25 thereby exhibiting good flow properties. Acceptable range of Carr,s index (%)is up to 5-21%, and carrs index for chitosan floating microspheres(C1-C9) was between 9.090 to 18.746% (Table.no.22) all the formulations showed an Carr,s index (%) less than 18% and hence had a flow properties. Percentage drug content of the floating microspheres The percentage drug content of different batches of floating microspheres was found in the range of 50.66 to 88.0%.All batches of the chitosan floating microspheres formulation shown percentage drug content more than 50% (Table.no.24) and it is found that percentage drug content increases with an increase in the polymer concentration. Formulation C5 shown maximum percentage drug content (88.0%). Buoyancy percentage: (Floating ability) The buoyancy test was carried out to investigate the buoyancy percentage (floating ability) of the prepared chitosan floating microspheres. The buoyancy percentage of the different batches of floating microspheres was found in the range of 46.0 to 82.0% at the end of 12 hrs (Table.no.26). All the formulated floating microspheres of lisinopril showed buoyancy (floating ability) more than 46%. Amongst the batches of prepared chitosan floating microspheres, batch C5 showed highest buoyancy (85%). Floating ability of different formulations was found to be differed according to the increase polymer concentration and it is found that percentage of buoyancy increases with an increase in the amount of polymer. In-vitro release studies Lisinopril releases from the all formulated floating microspheres were studied in SGF (0.1N HCl) for 12 hrs.The floating microspheres showed sustained release of the lisinopril (drug) in acidic environment and the drug release was found to be approximately linear (Fig.no.29). The drug release from chitosan floating microspheres was found to be 66.6, 61.65, 58.95, 57.15, 52.2, 69.3, 71.55, 74.7 and 78.75% at the end of 12 h for C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8 and C9 respectively (Table.no.28). The sustained release pattern was observed for the prepared floating microspheres (C1-C9) clearly exhibiting an increase in the polymer concentration results decrease in-vitro drug release of lisinopril. Amongst the batches of prepared chitosan floating microspheres, batch C5 showed higher drug entrapment efficiency 88.0% and the minimal in-vitro drug release 52.2% at the end of the 12 hrs with compared to the other prepared chitosan floating microspheres. Drug release kinetics The results for the mathematic modeling of the in-vitro drug release data for the methylcellulose floating microspheres have been complied and the R2 values shown in the table no. The in-vitro drug release profile for the formulations C1-C9 were subjected to various drug release kinetic studies and are depicted in the following figures. (Fig.no.39-47) The release profile for the formulations C1-C9 exhibiting a maximum R2 values (0.9834, 0.9646, 0.9556, 0.9244, 0.9305, 0.9656, 0.9655, 0.9646, and 0.9759) were found to obey that particular kinetics. From the results it is apparent that the regression coefficient value closer to unity as in the case of the Zero orders plots. The Zero order plots of different formulation were found to be fairly linear, as indicated by their high regression values .Thus, it seems that drug release from the floating microspheres followed Zero order kinetics. The data indicates a lesser amount of linearity when plotted by the First order equation. Hence it can be concluded that the major mechanism of drug release follows Zero order kinetics. Further, the conversion of the data from the dissolution studies suggested possibility of understanding the mechanism of drug release by configuring the data into various mathematical modeling such as Higuchis and Korsemeyers -peppas plots. The mass transfer with respect to square root of time has been plotted, revealed a linear graph with regression value close to one stating that the release from the matrix was through diffusion. Data based on the Higuchi model usually provide a evidence to the diffusion mechanism of drug release from matrix systems such as the chitosan floating microspheres developed in this work. R2 values based on the Higuchis model ranged from 0.9238, 0.8905, 0.8751, 0.8295, 0.8392, 0.8955, 0.8993, 0.8986 and 0.9236. (Table.no.30). As these values were close to 1.0, the drug release mechanism of the developed floating microspheres can be said to be Higuchian and, therefore, matrix diffusion-controlled.

The Presidential Election of 2000 Essay -- Politics Political

The Presidential Election of 2000 Presidential election cycles are always three-ring circuses, and the 2000 election has become one of the biggest circuses ever. With a two-term president unable to seek re-election, the House of Representatives clearly up for grabs, and Democrats counting on major Senate gains -- even hoping to win control -- there is a lot at stake in this year's elections. Republicans' optimism is based on their view that they will take back the White House after an eight-year hiatus. GOP insiders believe that Americans are tired of Bill Clinton, have doubts about Vice President Al Gore and are ready for change. Republican turnout was down in 1998, which helps account for the party's poor showing in the off-year elections. And even the most loyal Republican will agree that the party's recent presidential nominees, Bob Dole and former President George Herbert Walker Bush (in 1992), failed to excite Republicans and Independents. GOP strategists think that strength at the top of the ticket in 2000 wil l help all Republican candidates. Democrats have reasons to worry about the presidential race. While Republicans held the White House for three consecutive terms from 1980 to 1992, voters often grow tired of one party after two terms. Ethics questions and controversies involving Clinton and Gore have also given Republicans ammunition. And recent history isn't with the Democrats. Only four sitting vice presidents -- John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren and George Bush -- were elected directly to the presidency in the entire history of the nation. Al Gore is hoping to make it five. The GOP presidential nominee, Texas Gov. George W. Bush, recovered after a shaky start during the primary season and tried to establish education as his most important issue. Surveys throughout the summer showed him with an early lead, which grew dramatically just before the GOP's national convention. Those same polls showed voters gave him high marks on his ability to handle key issues, including traditional Democratic ones such as health care, education and Social Security. Even more important, those same polls showed him with a significant advantage over the vice president in the area of leadership. But Gore changed all that with his performance on the last day of the Democrats' Los Angeles national convention. Whether it was the highly publiciz... ... seats and still win control of that body. The Reform and Green Parties still remain a question mark. While the Reform Party was split early on between its Pat Buchanan and John Hagelin wings, Buchanan was finally awarded the $12.6 million in federal funds that the party was due. But Buchanan, who was thought to be a headache for Bush, has proved to be a non-factor. Hagelin is the Natural Law Party's nominee, though he is also on some state ballots as the Reform nominee. Meanwhile, Ralph Nader, the Green Party nominee, has become a factor in the presidential contest. While he clearly lost some support after the Democratic convention, he seemed to gain steam during October, increasing his vote in key states, such as Oregon and Washington. The presidential race appears to heading toward a showdown in about a dozen states, with the outcome in Florida, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin and the Northwest most important. It's very clear that there is a lot at stake in the 2000 elections. But the voters don't seem passionate about one party or the other. That means that all the races -- from president down to the House -- will focus on individual candidates and their campaigns.

The Negative Effects the Media Has on the Pit Bull Breed

The Negative Effects The Media Has On The Pit Bull Breed Did you know that for over one hundred years the Pit Bull was called the â€Å"Nanny Dog† by Americans, and was the breed that symbolized our country? One of the most famous Pit Bulls was Petey from The Little Rascals. For generations people got a Pit Bull to keep their children safe because these dogs were the most trustworthy of any breed with children and adults. Now the Nanny Dog is being persecuted by the media, and being called the hellion breed that frightens people. Even though plenty of other dogs bite people, they only publish stories about Pit Bulls. Poodle bites man† is not a very eye catching headline. The media publicizes crazy myths, and they label any dog a Pit Bull even if it is not. The media also zeros in on the specifically negative and extreme incidents; they often do not provide the circumstance surrounding the incidents, and also neglect to mention important statistical information and compar isons to other similar incidents. Being a Pit Bull owner, and having many friends who own them as well, I know that the media is incorrect in their portrayal of the Pit Bull. They are the most loving and gentle breed I have ever known.The media had labeled certain dog breeds as bad breeds for a long time. The Pit Bull is just the most recent victim of the media’s criticism. Before Pit Bulls it was the Rottweiler, before the Rottweiler it was Dobermans, and before Dobermans it was German Shepherds. Each breeds being deemed as vicious and unpredictable to be around people. Every time there was uproar of the public for bans and restrictions on owning them. It is painfully ironic that the media has turned on the breed once the symbol of our country and our national babysitter.In temperance tests (the equivalent of how many times your kid can poke your dog in the eye before it bites him) of all breeds the most tolerant was the Golden Retriever. The second most tolerant was the Pit Bull. I am sure anyone has heard of the Pit Bulls locking jaw, this is a myth. Pit Bulls jaws do not lock; in fact they do not even have the most powerful bite of dog breeds. Pit Bulls are not human aggressive, in fact studies have shown that Pit Bull puppies prefer human company to their mother’s two weeks earlier than any other breed. Also, another common myth is that they don’t feel pain.They feel just as much pain as any other breed. These are the myths that the media is drilling into the public’s heads. Now this tolerant, patient, and gentle breed of dog is embarrassingly being portrayed as the most dangerous. Now sadly 6,000 Pit Bulls are put to death every day, by far the highest number of any breed to be euthanized. Mistaken identity is a huge problem in the media nowadays as well. There is countless times where headlines claimed that a Pit Bull had done wrong and then later on find out it was not a Pit Bull at all, or they just say Pit Bull because the dog resembled one.And even if the media corrects themselves the damage had already been done, people already have the image of the Pit Bull in their mind doing wrong. For example, a story from October, 2007 has as a headline â€Å"Lynn teacher mauled by Pit Bull. † Then the story goes on to identify the dog as a Lab/Rottweiler mix. The term Pit Bull should never have been used. Another story March, 2006 headline â€Å"Pit Bull attacks 12 year old. † However the picture shown of the captured dog is not a Pit Bull, and does not even appear to be a Pit Bull mix.After complaints to the news station regarding the mistaken identity and the use of the term Pit Bull, instead of correcting their mistake, they took down the photo and just left the story up written the same way. These are just a few examples of hundreds of falsely identified Pit Bull stories. Now there may well be some stories where a Pit Bull or Pit Bull mix was correctly identified, but many times they do not mention the circumstances that the attack happened, or the statistical comparison to any other breed of dog attacks.The Humane Society of the United States says that it is imperative that the dog population the community be understood. To simply pull numbers of attacks does not accurately represent the breed. For example, by reviewing a study that states there have been five attacks by Standard Poodles in a community and ten attacks from Pit Bulls in the same community, it would appear that Pit Bulls are more dangerous. However, if you look at the dog population in that community and find there are 50 Standard Poodles and 500 Pit Bulls, then statistically the Pit Bull would be the safer breed.The media turning them into this bad vicious dog is making the wrong people want to own them. Drug dealers and felons are seeing them as protection dogs, or using them to make some cash by breeding. As a result of over breeding, many communities have much more Pit Bull and Pit Bull mixes than a ny other dogs. With the over population of the breed, people’s fear of them, and breed restrictions many of these dogs end up in shelters or euthanized. On the positive side recently I have seen some great stories about Pit bulls. Many people re starting to get educated that this breed is no more dangerous than any other dog. A story from May 9th of 2012 headlines â€Å"Hero Pit Bull saves owner from train tracks. † This amazing story goes on to explain how the woman fell unconscious on the tracks and Lilly, the eight year old Pit Bull, managed to drag her out of harm’s way. Risking her own life Lilly was badly hurt by being struck by the train. After needing her leg amputated, many surgeries and physical therapy she is still just as happy as ever. The Pit Bull can go through so many traumas and still bounce back and be just as loving as ever.Pit Bulls that have been used as fighting dogs and bait dogs get adopted and act like none of it ever happened. Though th e media has already caused so much damage to the judgment of the Pit Bull breed, I am hopeful that people will wake up and realize these dogs are one of the best companions you could ever have. My Pit Bull wants nothing more than to be loved; he is an 80 pound baby who sleeps under the covers in my bed. Maybe the Pit Bull will one day be known as the symbol of America, and the â€Å"Nanny Dog† again.

Discovery Of The Concentration Of Phosphate - 1250 Words

The goal of the lab was to discover the concentration of phosphate in various colas in order to help with a project for a major cola company. Before we could accomplish this final goal, a Spec 20 was used to test three colors of food colorings. A Spec 20 is an instrument used to â€Å"measure the intensity of a light beam before and after it passes through a sample and compares these two intensities† (What does a Spectronic 20 measure). The instrument is able to measure the percent transmittance and absorbance of a given sample. It works by taking light of various wavelengths and passing them through a monochromator. A monochromator is a device that transmits a wavelength of light. The machine diffracts the wavelengths. The sample that is placed in a small container, called a cuvette, absorbs various wavelengths. This depends on the particular sampled being tested. The amount of light absorbed is projected by the machine on a screen, in our case, a digital screen (How Does a Spectronic 20 work?). By doing the lab with the food colorings, we were able to properly learn how to use the Spec 20 and also learn the relationship between absorbance and transmittance. Percent transmittance is the amount of light entering the sample in the cuvette divided by the amount of light leaving the sample, multiplied by 100. This percent can then be converted to absorbance, which is a measure of the capacity of a substance to absorb light of a specified wavelength (Absorbance). It is converted byShow MoreRelatedHow Lanthanum Play A Role Within My Everyday Life1148 Words   |  5 Pagesused in many ways such as improving our water supply, technology and health. This paper will define these uses and also elaborate on its history and properties. To begin, the discovery of ceria was made in 1803 by Jons J. Berzelius in 1803 from the mineral cerite. His apprentice, Carl G. Mosander, took this discovery further suggesting that other rare earth metals might exist within ceria. By infusing nitric acid to cerium nitrate, Mosander, tested his belief. Consequently, some of the ceriumRead MoreDetermining The Double Helix797 Words   |  4 PagesDetermining the Double Helix Deoxyribonucleic acid, commonly known as DNA, was first discovered by Johann Mieschere, a Swiss biologist, in 1869. He made the discovery while studying the nuclei of leukocytes, however the greater significance of this molecule and its structure would not be known until 1951. At that time, scientists did not know the function of DNA, let alone the structure. It was believed that the structure of the mysterious molecule would help uncover its true function. The structureRead MoreThe Discovery Of Its Effects On The Body1608 Words   |  7 PagesB nCreatine was first found in 1832 by a French scientist named Michel Eugene Chevreul. 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Then, in 1927, Nikolai Koltsov proposed the function of DNA- that it contains inherited traits and can duplicate because it has two main backbones, one of which is used

Latin Words in English

English has lots of words of Latin origin. Some of these words have been changed to make them more like other English words—mostly by changing the ending (e.g., office from the Latin officium)—, but other Latin words are kept intact in English. Of these words, there are some that remain unfamiliar and are generally italicized to show that they are foreign, but there are others that are used with nothing to set them apart as imported from Latin. You may not even be aware that they are from Latin. Words and Abbreviations With the Latin Parts Italicized via - by way ofin memoriam - in memory (of)interim - meanwhile, intervalitem - likewise, also, although it is now used in English as a bit of informationmemorandum - reminderagenda - things to be done - et used for andetc. - et cetera used for and so forthpro and con - for and againsta.m. - ante meridiem, before noonp.m. - post meridiem, after noonultra- - beyondP.S. - post scriptum, postscriptquasi - as if it werecensus - count of citizensveto - I forbid used as a way of stopping the passage of a law.per - through, bysponsor - one who accepts responsibility for another See if you can figure out which of these Latin words may be substituted for the italicized word in the following sentences: I read the bit of news about the Jesus tomb with more than a touch of skepticism.He emailed a reminder about the Discovery Channel program on Sunday.A regent will serve as substitute ruler in the meanwhile.He came to the study of Ancient Greek by way of Latin.Epitaphs can be written in memory of loved ones.A tribune had the power of preventing the law from being passed.This pseudo-test is more than easy.He sent a second email as a follow-up to the TV alert saying the time he listed was meant to be in the evening. For more, see Latin Expressions Found in English: A Vocabulary Unit for the First Week of Beginning Latin or General Language, by Walter V. Kaulfers; Dante P. Lembi; William T. McKibbon. The Classical Journal, Vol. 38, No. 1. (Oct., 1942), pp. 5-20. For more on words imported from Latin into common and specialized areas of English, see Legal Latin TermsA Dozen Words From Psychology That Are Based on Greek or Latin RootsLatin Religious Words in EnglishLatin Words in Newspapers That English Has AdoptedGeometry TermsWhere Do You Add the Ending?The Meaning of Confusing Pairs of Greek and Latin Roots

Aristotle and Plato Ideal Government - 1304 Words

Aristotle and Plato had this idea in their minds that there was an Ideal Government. Meaning that there was a way for someone or a group of people to perfectly control a community where everybody would have equal rights, there would be no fights and everything was perfectly under control. As of right now we believe that there is no possible way for somebody to do that, but back then Aristotle and Plato believed that they were perfectly right. Since both Aristotle and Plato were people who explored psychology and theories the majority of people believed them to be correct. Both people were people that were revered by some but not always. Now we know that, at the time, many people were afraid of change so they wouldnt always listen to things that went on. In order to understand their similarities and differences we must first know who Plato and Aristotle were. As well as the governments they lived in. Both of these political philosophers lived under an Athenian democracy which was one of the first democracies that were made in the world. At that time period this was a very big thing. Not to mention that it was, at the time, an open democracy which meant that only males could join and vote, but it was all the males which meant that at the time it was a very big step in human rights. Although to vote they had to be male adult citizens which was not a very large percentage of the whole population. They also had to had completed their military training before hand. People thatShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Aristotle and Platos Thoughts Essay985 Words   |  4 Pagesknown for questioning and exploring Ideals; taking a look at all options and what is most important. 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Term Of The Contract OFFICE PRO X9 Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Is it a term of the contract that the OFFICE PRO X9 is an amazing chair and/or the best on the market? 2.Is it a term of the contract that the OFFICE PRO X9 provides sufficient lower-back support to allow Peter to work comfortably the whole day? 3.If it is a term of the contract that the OFFICE PRO X9 provides sufficient lower-back support to allow Peter to work comfortably the whole day, what kind of term is it? 4.Does the exclusion clause, clause 10, prevent Peter from suing Forever Furniture for breach of contract because the OFFICE PRO X9 was not providing sufficient back support to work the whole day? Answers: 1. The terms of the contract are used for deciding the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract. Apart from the contractual terms, there are certain representations that are made by the parties in order to induce the other party to enter the contract. For instance, in case of advertisements, there are several claims made regarding the advertised product by the manufacturers. Some of these claims can be mere sales puffs. The exaggerated sales talk is generally referred to as sales puff. When such a statement is made, the maker of this statement does not intend that other people will believe the statement literally. Therefore, terms like "best in the world" or "nothing beats it" are not mentioned seriously so that they will be taken literally by the others. Due to this reason, any reasonable person can easily identify a statement to be mere sales puff and would not rely on such a statement (Peel and Treitel, 2011). Due to this reason, thelaw of contract provides that a sal es puff, cannot be treated as a representation made under contract. Hence thelaw provides that a remedy is not available in case the other party finds that the statement was untrue (Khoury and Yamouni, 2010). In this scenario, it has been mentioned in the advertisement of OFFICE PRO X9 that it is the best. Therefore the statements made by Samantha when she cl aimed that at the price of the $350, the deal was the steal and moreover. He also claimed that nothing beats OFFICE PRO X9 were mere sales puffs. These statements are not serious enough so that any reasonable person would have relied on these statements mentoring to the contract. As a result, it can be stated that these statements were not a term of the contract. That was created by Peter with Forever furniture for purchasing the chair. 2. A statement has been made by Samantha that OFFICE PRO X9 provides significant lower back support due to which people can comfortably work throughout the day and if this statement can be considered as a term of the contract that was concluded between Peter and Forever Furniture. While taking a look at the terms of a particular contract, it is very important to consider the statements that have been made by the parties before entering into the contract. In the same way, the post-contractual conduct may also result in producing rights and obligations of the parties, other than the contractual terms that have been decided by the parties. In this way, the law provides that usually a false pre-contractual statement will result in the liability of the party making such statements. In this regard, it needs to be mentioned that the contractual terms can be described as express terms and implied terms (Atiyah, 2000). The express terms are the terms of the contract that have been decided by the parties when they are going to enter into the contract. According to the, in case of a breach of a term of the contract, certain remedies may be available to the innocent party. For considering a particular statement as a contractual term, it should be intended by the parties to the contract that the term will be of promissory nature. For this purpose, the intention of the party needs to be determined objectively. In some cases, the pre-contractual statement may also be treated as a representation (Graw, 2011). There are some cases where the parties did not intend that such representation should be of promissory nature. However, when it is discovered that the representation was false, the innocent party has been provided certain remedies by the common and also by statute law. Hence the common law provides that when a contract has been created due to a false representation, the innocent party as the right to rescind the contract (Beatson, Burrows and Cartwright, 2010). As a resu lt in this case also, Samantha told Peter that the chair provided very good support to the lower back. By relying on this representation, Peter had decided to purchase the chair. Therefore now Peter can claim the remedies that are available under the law, including rescinding the contract. 3: Under the contract law, the contractual terms have been classified as conditions and warranties. However there is also a third category of innominate terms. This category was created by the court in Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962] 2 QB 26. However, the main two categories are conditions and warranties. A condition can be described as a contractual term if the breach of such term results in giving a ride to the innocent party to terminate the contract. In such cases, the law provides that the innocent party may also claim damages. On the other hand, when a contractual term falls in the category of warranty, the law provides that in case of a breach of such term, the other party is not provided the right to terminate the contract. Therefore in such cases, it is available to the party to claim damages but it cannot terminate the contract (Sweeney, OReilly and Coleman, 2013). On the grounds, it can be said that the major difference that exists between a condition and the warranty is that a condition is a basic term of the contract (Poussard v Spiers, 1875). Such term goes to the very heart of the contract. But when a statement or assurance has been made concerning a factual issue, usually it will be treated as a warranty (Bettini v Gye, 1875). There is also a third category of innominate terms. In such a case, the remedy that may be available to the innocent party depends on the effect of the breach. Therefore, when a significant effect is present as a result of the breach, the other party is given the right to terminate the contract. If this is not the case, then the court only provides the right to claim damages and such party cannot terminate the contract. The terms of the contract also fall under the category of express terms and implied terms. Under the contract law, express terms can be described as the terms that are particularly stated by the parties when they are going to enter into the contract. The express terms can be oral or in writing. The implied terms are the terms that are implied in the contract even if the parties have not mentioned these terms. Still these terms are treated as a part of the contract (Baxt, Fletcher and Fridman, 2008). Generally, the reason behind the implied terms is that in the absence of the term, there will be no commercial meaning of the contract. As in this case also, if it is considered that a term of the contract that Office Pro X9 gives sufficient support to the lower back, which would have allowed Peter to continue working for the whole day, this term as to be classified as a condition. Consequently, it can be said that this term is a basic term of this contract. Peter would not have purchased this chair, if he knew that the chair did not provide sufficient back support and it was not made of leather but synthetic material. Therefore, this is term is a condition. 4: An exclusion clause provides that one party to the contract cannot be held liable even if a particular thing happens. Such a clause is generally mentioned in writing. Therefore, an exclusion clause is used to exclude or reduce the liability of a party regarding the conduct that can otherwise be considered as a breach of contract or such conduct may amount to a tort (Sweeney, OReilly and Coleman, 2013). The purpose of an exclusion clause is to modify the main obligations of a party or to exclude or restrict the liability of a party that may otherwise arise for a breach of contract regarding the obligations of third party that require that the contract needs to be performed in accordance with the terms. An exclusion clause is considered as valid by the law and the law allows the party to rely on the exclusion clause if two conditions are fulfilled. It is required that the clause has been properly added in the contract and the exclusion clause is legal. The exclusion clause is treated as being properly incorporated in the contract if the clause is not added in the contract after the formation of the contract. In case of a signed contract, containing the exclusion clause, generally it is considered that the clause is a part of the contract (Collins, 2003). When no sign the contract is present, printed documents like receipts or signposts can also be used to mention the exclusion clause. Such exclusion clause can also be valid if it has been brought to the attention of the other party before the contract (Harris, Hargovan and Adams, 2013). Another requirement is that the exclusion clause should be permitted by the law. The consumer legislation has imposed several obligations on the businesses. The law does not allow the businesses to exclude these obligations by incorporating an exclusion clause in the contract. On the basis of the above-mentioned discussion, it can be decided in this case also the exclusion clause incorporated as clause 10 of the contract provides that Forever Furniture will not be liable if there is a breach of warranty. But as mentioned above, apart from the requirement of being properly incorporated in the contract, it is also required that the exclusion clauses should be legal. Therefore the legal obligations imposed by the statute cannot be excluded by an exclusion clause. Hence, Forever Furniture cannot rely on this clause, in case of a breach of warranty. References Atiyah, P.S. 2000, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, Clarendon Baxt, R, Fletcher, K Fridman, S 2008, Corporations and associations: cases and materials, 10th edn, LexisNexis, Butterworths, Sydney, New South Wales Beatson, J., Burrows A and Cartwright, J., 2010, Anson's Law of Contract 29th edn OUP Collins, H., 2003, Contract Law in Context 4th edn CUP Daniel Khoury, Yvonne Yamouni, 2010, Understanding Contract Law, 8th Edition, LexisNexis Butterworths Harris, J, Hargovan, A Adams, M, 2013, Australian corporate law, 4thedn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood, New South Wales Peel E and Treitel, G.H. 2011, Treitel on the Law of Contract 13th edn Sweet and Maxwell Stephen Graw, 2011, An Introduction to the Law of Contract, 7th Ed., Thomson Reuters Sweeney, B, OReilly, J Coleman, A, 2013, Law in Commerce, 6thedn.2015, Australian Corporations Legislation, LexisNexis Butterworths Sweeney, OReilly Coleman, 2013, Law in Commerce, 5th Ed., LexisNexis Bettini v Gye (1875) L.R. 1 QBD 183 Poussard v Spiers (1875) L.R. 1 QBD 410